Universal Declaration of Human Rights

Adopted and proclaimed
by the General Assembly of the United Nations,
10th December 1948
(Resolution No. 217 /III/)

“All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights.”

These are the opening words of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights of the United Nations. These words are imbued with the idea that every human being, regardless of race, gender, religion, political or other beliefs, national or social origin, has equal rights. Although theoretically, the equality of all people has been unquestionable for all great thinkers since ancient times, its final constitutional and legal realization began with the slogan of the French Revolution of 1789, “Liberty, Equality, Fraternity” and the acceptance of the Declaration of Human and Civil Rights at the meeting of the French National Assembly on 26th August 1789. It took another 160 years for all member states of the UN (which now include almost all countries in the world) to commit to respecting human rights.

In order to accurately determine what human rights are, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights was drafted and finally adopted on December 10, 1948.

However, when it comes to the practical application of these rights, which should be valid for all people and all times, there are a number of difficulties and disagreements between states with different religious and cultural traditions. After sixty years since the adoption of the Declaration, can we achieve that it is not just a beautiful formulation, a dead letter on paper where human rights are most endangered?

Preamble

Considering that the recognition of the inherent dignity and of the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family is the foundation of freedom, justice, and peace in the world,

Considering that disregard and contempt for human rights have resulted in barbarous acts which have outraged the conscience of mankind, and that the advent of a world in which human beings shall enjoy freedom of speech and belief and freedom from fear and want has been proclaimed as the highest aspiration of the common people, Through the wisdom of all people,

Considering that the protection of human rights is essential through the rule of law, so that individuals do not have to resort to rebellion as a last resort against tyranny and oppression,

Recognizing the importance of promoting friendly relations among nations,

Acknowledging that the peoples in the Charter of the United Nations have reaffirmed their faith in fundamental human rights, in the dignity and worth of the human person, and in the equality of men and women, and have resolved to promote social progress and improve living conditions in greater freedom,

Taking into account that Member States have pledged to cooperate with the United Nations in ensuring the universal respect and observance of human rights and fundamental freedoms,

Recognizing that a common understanding of these rights and freedoms is crucial for the full realization of this commitment,

The General Assembly proclaims the Universal Declaration of Human Rights as the common achievement of all peoples and nations, so that every individual and every organ of society, With this Declaration constantly in mind, we strive through teaching and learning to promote human rights and freedoms, and through progressive domestic and international measures ensure their universal and effective recognition and respect, both among the nations of member states and among the peoples in areas under their jurisdiction.

Article 1.

All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

Article 2.

Everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration, without distinction of any kind, such as race, color, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or any other status.

Furthermore, no distinction shall be made on the basis of the political, jurisdictional or international status of the country or territory to which a person belongs, whether it be independent, under trusteeship, non-self-governing, or in any other status. or is otherwise restricted in its sovereignty.

Article 3.

Everyone has the right to life, liberty and personal security.

Article 4.

No one shall be held in slavery or servitude; slavery and the slave trade shall be prohibited in all their forms.

Article 5.

No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment.

Article 6.

Everyone has the right to recognition everywhere as a person before the law.

Article 7.

All are equal before the law and are entitled without any discrimination to equal protection of the law.

Everyone is entitled to equal protection against any discrimination in violation of this Declaration and against any incitement to such discrimination.

Article 8.

Everyone has the right to an effective remedy by the competent national tribunals for acts violating the fundamental rights granted him by the constitution or by law.

Article 9.

No one shall be subjected to arbitrary arrest, detention or exile.

shall not be subjected to arbitrary arrest, detention, or expulsion.

Article 10.

Everyone is entitled to a fair and public hearing by an independent and impartial tribunal, in order to determine his rights and obligations, and any criminal charges against him.

Article 11.

1. Everyone charged with a criminal offense has the right to be presumed innocent until proven guilty according to law in a public trial where he has had all the guarantees necessary for his defense.

2. No one shall be held guilty of any criminal offense on account of any act or omission which did not constitute a criminal offense under domestic or international law at the time when it was committed. Nor shall a heavier penalty be imposed than the one that was applicable at the time the criminal offense was committed.

Article 12.

No one shall be subjected to arbitrary interference with his private life, family, home or correspondence, nor to attacks upon his honor and reputation. Everyone has the right to protection of the law against such interference. iješanja ili napada.

Article 13.

1. Everyone has the right to freedom of movement and residence within the borders of any state.

2. Everyone has the right to leave any country, including their own, and to return to their country.

Article 14.

1. Everyone has the right to seek and enjoy asylum from persecution in other countries.

2. This right may not be invoked in the case of prosecutions genuinely arising from non-political crimes or from acts contrary to the purposes and principles of the United Nations.

Article 15.

1. Everyone has the right to a nationality.

2. No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of their nationality nor denied the right to change their nationality.

Article 16.

1. Men and women of full age have the right to marry and to found a family, without any limitation due to race, nationality or religion. They are entitled to equal rights as to marriage, during marriage and at its dissolution.

2. Marriage shall be entered into only with the free and full consent of the intending spouses. Both individuals who enter into marriage.

3. The family is the natural and fundamental unit of society, and it has the right to protection by society and the state.

Article 17.

1. Everyone has the right to own property individually or in association with others.

2. No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of their property.

Article 18.

Everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience, and religion; this right includes freedom to change religion or belief and freedom, either individually or in community with others and in public or private, to manifest religion or belief in teaching, practice, worship, and observance.

Article 19.

Everyone has the right to freedom of thought and expression. This right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive, and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers.

Article 20.

1. Everyone has the right to freedom of peaceful assembly and association.

2. No one may be forcing membership in any association.

Article 21.

1. Everyone has the right to participate in the governance of their country directly or through freely elected representatives.

2. Everyone has the right to equal access to public services in their country.

3. The will of the people is the foundation of state authority; this will must be expressed in periodic and fair elections, which are conducted with universal and equal suffrage, secret ballot, or some other equally free voting procedure.

Article 22.

Everyone as a member of society has, through state programs and international cooperation, in accordance with the organization and possibilities of each individual state, the right to social security and the realization of economic, social, and cultural rights that are necessary for their dignity and unhindered development of their personality.

Article 23.

1. Everyone has the right to work, free choice of employment, fair and adequate working conditions, and protection against unemployment.

2. Everyone without What differences exist in the right to equal compensation for the same work.

3. Everyone who works has the right to fair and adequate compensation that ensures a decent standard of living for him and his family, and which is supplemented by other means of social protection as needed.

4. Everyone has the right to establish trade unions and join them in order to protect their interests.

Article 24.

Everyone has the right to rest and leisure, including reasonable reduction of working hours and occasional paid non-working days.

Article 25.

1. Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of himself and his family, including food, clothing, housing, medical care and necessary social services, as well as the right to protection in case of unemployment, illness, disability, widowhood, old age or any other lack of livelihood in circumstances beyond his control.

2. Motherhood and childhood are entitled to special care and assistance. All children, whether born in or out of wedlock, he who are born outside of it must enjoy the same social protection.
Article 26.
1. Everyone has the right to education. Education must be free, at least at the primary and general education level. Primary education must be compulsory. Technical and vocational education must be accessible to all; higher education must be accessible to all according to their abilities.
2. Education must be directed towards the full development of the human person and strengthen respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms. It must promote understanding, tolerance and friendship among all peoples, racial or religious groups, and support the United Nations’ efforts to maintain peace.
3. Parents have the right to choose the education for their children.
Article 27.
1. Everyone has the right to freely participate in the cultural life of their community, to enjoy art, contribute to scientific development and benefit from its advantages. Who has the right to protection of moral and material interests from any scientific, literary, or artistic work to which they are the author.

Article 28.

Everyone has the right to a social and international order in which the rights and freedoms established by this Declaration can be fully realized.

Article 29.

1. Everyone has obligations towards the community in which the only possible independent and complete development of their personality is possible.

2. In the exercise of their rights and freedoms, everyone may be subject only to limitations established by law, solely to secure the necessary recognition and respect of the rights and freedoms of others, and to fulfill the just demands of morality, public order, and the general welfare in a democratic society.

3. These rights and freedoms must not be used in any way contrary to the purposes and principles of the United Nations.

Article 30.

Nothing in this Declaration may be interpreted as implying the right of any state, group, or individual to… take away any action or perform any act that cancels any of the rights and freedoms established here.