liberalism

Nikolaj Berdyaev and the New Middle Ages

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The old world of new history is ending and dissolving, and an unknown new world is being born. Russian philosopher Nikolai Berdyaev (Kiev, 1874 – Paris, 1948) worked and wrote in the first half of the 20th century, and witnessed the disappearance of the old imperial way of life in Russia, the First World War, … Read more

History of 19th Century Philosophy

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History of 19th Century Philosophy The 19th century philosophy is primarily a period in which romanticism and idealism reached their peak in German philosophy. Similarly, it is observed that materialism gained new depth and prominence. In French philosophy, on one hand, reformist thinkers such as Charles Fourier, Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, and Claude Henri de Saint-Simon can … Read more